Types of error in measurements; Permanent-moving–coil instrument for ac and dc; Typical Volt-Ohm-Milliammeter (VOM); Electrodynamic instrument for ac and dc instruments; Transistor and op-amp in Volt-Ohm-Milliammeters instruments; Digital voltmeters and frequency meters; Resistance measurements, Wheatstone bridge, Kelvin bridge and megohmmeter; Capacitance bridge; Inductance comparison bridge; Instrument transformers; Waveform analyzing instruments.